Trends in 2023 Annex: Supporting Footnotes and Sources

Political Vision: The 10 Point Plan for Financing Biodiversity

1 / International Financial Flows

Notes:

Where development finance is referred to throughout the dashboard, it refers to Official Development Finance (ODF). ODF = Official Development Assistance (ODA) + Other Official Flows (OOF).
In biodiversity finance, there are ‘principal’ markers (funding for direct actions to protect biodiversity) and ‘significant’ markers (funding related to different sectors/purposes, but which also is biodiversity-related) methodology used by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
The full-range calculation includes 100% of the principal spend and 100% of the significant spend.
The mid-range calculation includes 100% of the principal spend and applies a coefficient of 40% to flows marked as significant.
Donors currently use both mid-and full ranges when reporting, and both calculations are reflected in this chart.
Please note that this chart shows bilateral development finance.
This data shows all bilateral contributions (not just DAC countries). Data draws on reporting to the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (including biodiversity marker and SDGs 14 and 15 markers) and Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) (for South-South and triangular co-operation providers).

Source(s): Forthcoming OECD technical report – ‘Biodiversity and Development Finance: Monitoring the contribution of development finance to Target 19(a) of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework’ (2023).

2 / Synergies with Climate Finance

Notes:

Canada will double climate finance contributions to CA$5.3 billion over 2021-26. CA$1.6 billion will be directed towards nature-based climate solutions and projects with biodiversity co-benefits.
France will provide €6 billion of ICF between 2021-25; €1 billion of this budget will be dedicated to biodiversity.
Germany have increased their climate finance budget to €6 billion between 2021-25, with €1.5 billion allocated to biodiversity.
42 percent of Norwegian public funding earmarked climate-related finance was nature-related in 2022.
The United Kingdom will provide £11.6 billion for the period 2021-26, with £3 billion earmarked for protecting and restoring nature.

Source(s): This data is based on pledges made directly by individual governments. Further information can be found here:

Canada – Government of Canada. (2022). Canada's approach to international climate finance. [Online]. Government of Canada. Last Updated: 2022. Available at Canada's approach to international climate finance - Canada.ca

France – European Commission (2022). COP15: Commission, Member States and other donors commit to increase global biodiversity finance. Available at: Donor countries commit to increase biodiversity finance (europa.eu)

Germany – European Commission (2022). COP15: Commission, Member States and other donors commit to increase global biodiversity finance. Available at: Donor countries commit to increase biodiversity finance (europa.eu)

Norway – data provided by The Government of Norway.

UK – UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021. (2021). COP26 Presidency Compilation of 2021-2025 Climate Finance Commitments. The National Archives. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230401054904/https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Table-of-climate-finance-commitments-November-2021.pdf

3 / Harmful Subsidies

Notes:

The OECD identified 23 national-level assessments of potentially biodiversity- or -environmentally-harmful subsidies, covering 12 countries and two regions (the Nordic and EU regions, and Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland).
UNDP-BIOFIN has reported 21 countries have started assessments on harmful subsidies. (Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Botswana, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Zambia, Bhutan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) 3 countries have completed the initial stage (Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal).
The 28 countries which have scaled-up nature-positive incentives are United States, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Ireland, Finland, Denmark, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, Slovak Republic, New Zealand, Greece, United Kingdom, Colombia, Chile, Australia, France, South Africa, Poland, Mexico, Korea, Italy, Israel, Iceland, Austria, Japan, Estonia, and Bulgaria.
‘Nature-positive incentives’ refers to subsidies that target, for example, forest management and reforestation, organic or environmentally friendly agriculture, pesticide-free cultivation, and land conservation.
Taking into account countries taking action to identify harmful subsidies to biodiversity and biodiversity-positive subsidies, there is a total of 36 countries and 2 regions.

Source(s): Information provided by the OECD (please see below) and UNDP-BIOFIN.

OECD Environment Working Papers No. 206. 'Identifying and assessing subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity: A comparative review of existing national-level assessments and insights for good practice'. Nov 2022. Available at: Identifying and assessing subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity: A comparative review of existing national-level assessments and insights for good practice | en | OECD

OECD. 'Tracking Economic Instruments and Finance for Biodiversity' (2021). Page 15. Available at: oecd.org/environment/resources/biodiversity/tracking-economic-instruments-and-finance-for-biodiversity-2021.pdf

4 / Domestic Resource Mobilization

Notes:

35 Countries have completed biodiversity finance plans (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Egypt, Bhutan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Cambodia, Fiji, India).
An additional 6 countries are in the process of completing biodiversity finance plans (Argentina, Gabon, Niger, Egypt, China, Uzbekistan).

Source(s): Information provided by UNDP-BIOFIN.

5 / Private Sector Alignment

Notes:

This data refers to private sector finance for biodiversity that has been mobilised by development finance. It reflects finance mobilised by both bilateral DAC members and multilateral institutions. This data is not reported by the private sector itself.

6 / Philanthropy

Notes:

This data draws on reporting to the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (including financial flows allocated the biodiversity marker and SDGs 14 and 15 markers).

7 / Multilateral Development Banks

Notes:

This data represents multilateral biodiversity-related finance reported to the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (including finance categorised with the biodiversity marker and SDGs 14 and 15 markers).
'Multilateral institutions' referred to in this data includes Multilateral Development Banks and other multilateral institutions (e.g. GEF, Adaptation Fund, IFAD, UNDP, etc).
Where development finance is referred to throughout the dashboard, it refers to Official Development Finance (ODF). ODF = Official Development Assistance (ODA) + Other Official Flows (OOF).
In biodiversity finance, there are ‘principal’ markers (funding for direct actions to protect biodiversity) and ‘significant’ markers (funding related to different sectors/purposes, but which also is biodiversity-related) methodology used by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
The full-range calculation includes 100% of the principal spend and 100% of the significant spend.
The mid-range calculation includes 100% of the principal spend and applies a coefficient of 40% to flows marked as significant.
Donors currently use both mid-and full ranges when reporting and both calculations are reflected in this chart.

8 / Access to Funds

Notes:

The Global Biodiversity Framework Fund was launched during the GEF Assembly in Vancouver in August 2023. As of November 2023, three countries had contributed funds to capitalize the GBFF: Canada (CAD$200 million), Germany (€40 million), and the United Kingdom (GBP£10 million).
The Resource Database for Biodiversity (FIRE) was launched in 2023, co-developed by UNDP BIOFIN, UNEF FI, Cornell University, the Campaign for Nature, the Conservation Finance Alliance, regions4, the high Ambition Coalition, and the Governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. The platform aims to provide a one-stop-shop for nature- and biodiversity-related project developers to find suitable funding from public and private funders. The database can be accessed here: Finance Resource Database - BIOFIN | Homepage

Source(s): The GEF. 'GEF CEO Statement on Germany's contribution to biodiversity fund' (2023). Available at: GEF CEO statement on Germany's contribution to biodiversity fund | GEF (thegef.org)

IISD. ‘GEF-hosted GBF Fund Receives First Contributions, GEF to Serve High Seas Treaty’ (2023). Available at: https://sdg.iisd.org/news/gef-hosted-gbf-fund-receives-first-contributions-gef-to-serve-high-seas-treaty/#:~:text=The%20Fund%20will%20support%20implementation,and%20GBP%2010%20million%2C%20respectively.

UNDP-BIOFIN 'Finance Resource Database for Biodiversity (FIRE)' (2023). Available at: Finance Resource Database - BIOFIN | Homepage

9 / Institutional Monetary Fund (IMF)

Notes:
The IMF’s Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST) provides affordable long-term financing to countries undertaking reforms to reduce risks to prospective balance of payments stability, including those related to climate change and pandemic preparedness. To date, 11 countries have accessed RST funding. 3 of them specifically address nature-based climate solutions within the suite of policy reforms being supported by the programs:

Bangladesh is supporting a range of forest and land use sector mitigation actions as well as nature-based solutions for flood mitigation.
Seychelles in conjunction with the World Bank, is planning to support coral reef restoration as an adaptation measure in the context of broader RSF reforms.
Following the recent debt conversion transaction, Barbados fully operationalised the associated conservation trust fund to start disbursing funds for marine conservation and coastal resilience.

Source(s): The IMF (2022). Staff Country Reports. International Monetary Fund. Available at:

Bangladesh - Bangladesh: Requests for an Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, Request for Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility, and Request for an Arrangement Under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Bangladesh (imf.org)

Barbados - Barbados: Request for an Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for an Arrangement Under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility-Press Release; and Staff Report (imf.org)

Seychelles - Seychelles: Requests for an Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility and Arrangement under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility and Cancellation of the Current Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Seychelles (imf.org)

10 / Partnerships

Notes:
The High Ambition Coalition for Nature & People – 117 countries as stated on website. (last checked 13th November 2023). The High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People is an intergovernmental group co-chaired by Costa Rica, France, and the United Kingdom (as ocean co-chair), championing a global deal for nature and people that can halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity.

NBSAP Accelerator Partnership - 9 Institutions (African Wildlife Foundation, Alliance Biodiversity and CIAT, Business for Nature, CIFOR-ICRAF, Conservation International, International Union for Conservation for Nature (IUCN), The Nature Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wildlife Fund (WWF)) and 21 countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Belize, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, European Commission, France, Gabon, Germany, Indonesia, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu).

The NBSAP Accelerator partnership is an inclusive, collaborative effort to raise ambition for greater biodiversity action and accelerate the implementation of GBF-aligned NBSAPs. It provides a matchmaking service and an in-country facilitation service to support countries to revise and implement NBSAPs.

Source(s): NBSAP Accelerator Partnership (2023). 'Member Countries' and 'Institutional Members'. Available at:

Member countries - NBSAP Accelerator Partnership and Institutional members - NBSAP Accelerator Partnership.

The High Ambition Coalition for Nature & People (2023). 'About us'. Available at: About us « High Ambition Coalition (hacfornatureandpeople.org)